Clauses!
--> A Clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate and that functions as a sentence or as part of a sentence. Every subject-predicate word group in a sentence is a clause, and every sentence must contain at least one independent clause; otherwise, it is a sentence fragment.
* A clause that could stand alone as a simple sentence is an INDEPENDENT CLAUSE.
ex. The scaffolding fell when the rope broke.
A clause that could not stand alone if the rest of the sentence were deleted is a dependent or (subordinate) clause.
Ex. I was at the St. Louis branch when the decision was made.
Dependent clasues are useful in making the relationship between thoughts clearer and more succinct than if the ideas were presented in a series of simple sentences.
Subordinate clauses are especially effective for expressing thoughts that describe or explain another statement. Too much subordination, however, can be confusing and produce wordiness.
A clause can be connected with the rest of its sentence by a coordinating conjunction, a subordinating conjunction, a relative pronoun, or a conjunctive adverb.
--> It was 500 miles to the facility,
so we made arrangements to fly. (coordinating conjunction)
-->Mission control will have to be alert
because at launch the space shuttle will contain a highly flammable fuel. (subordinating clause).
--> Robert M. Fano was the scientist
who developed the earliest multiple-access computer system at MIT. (relative pronoun)
--> We arrived in the evening; nevertheless, we began the tour of the facility. (conjunctive adverb)
Commas:
Like all punctuation the comma (,) helps readers understand the writer's meaning and prevents ambiguity. Notice how the comma helps make the meaning clear in the second example.
Ambiguous- To be successfull nurses with M.S. degrees must continue to learn.
Clear: To be successful, nurses with M.S. degrees must continue to learn. (The comma makes clear where the main part of the sentence begins).
Do not follow the old rule that a comma should follow wherever there is a pause if you were speaking. Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, and sometimes so, yet, and for) that links independent clauses.
--> The new microwave disinfection system was delivered,
but the installation will require an additional week.
If two independent clauses are short and closely related-- and there is no danger of confusing the reader-- the comma may be taken out.
--> The cable snapped and the power failed.
--> The cable snapped, and the power failed.
* Commas are also used to enclose nonessential information in nonrestrictive clauses, phrases, and parenthetical elements.
*Our new factory,
which began operations last month, should ask 25 percent to total output. (nonrestrictive clause)
* The technician, working quickly and efficiently, finished early. (nonrestrictive phrase)
*We can, of course, expect their lawyer to call us. (parenthetical element).
A direct address should be enclosed in commas:
--> You will not,
Mark, that the surface of the brake shoe complies with the specification.
An appositive phrase (which re-identifies another expression in the sentence) is enclosed in commas.
--> Our company, Envirex Medical Systems, won several awards last year.
* Interruptin parenthetical and transitional words or phrases are usually set off with commas.
--> The report,
therefore, needs to be revised.
Clauses and Phrases: Generally, place a comma after an introductory clause or phrase, especially if it is long, to identify where the introductory elemnt ends and the main part of the sentence begins.
-->
Because we have not yet contained the new strain of influenza, we recommend vaccination for high-risk patients.
A long modifying phrase that precedes the main clause should always be followed by a comma.
-->
During the first series of field-performance tests at our Colorado proving ground, the new engine failed to meet our expectations.
Words and Quotations: Certain types of introductory words are followed by comas. one example is a transitional word or phrase (however, in addition) that connects the preceding clause or sentence with the thought that follows.
--> Furthermore, steel can withstand a humidity of 99 percent, provided that there is no chloride or sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere.
--> For example, this change will make us more competitive in the global marketplace.
Works Cited:
Alred, Gerald J., Charles T. Brusaw, and Walter E. Oliu. Handbook of Technical Writing. New York: St. Martin's, 2006. 8. Print.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3h42RWnCB0